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the ability to reason

Толкование Перевод

1 the ability to reason

• sposobnost rasuđivanja

English-Serbian dictionary > the ability to reason
2 the ability to reason makes man different from animals

Общая лексика: способность мыслить отличает человека от животного

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > the ability to reason makes man different from animals
3 ♦ reason

♦ reason /ˈri:zn/
n.

1 [uc] ragione; motivo; for financial [legal, economic] reasons, per ragioni finanziarie [legali, economiche]; for reasons of safety, per ragioni di sicurezza; for some reason, per qualche ragione; for obvious reasons, per ovvi motivi; for no specific reason, senza un preciso motivo; unaccountable reason, strana ragione; There is no reason to believe that he lied, non c'è motivo di credere che abbia mentito; What is the reason for your visit?, qual è la ragione della tua visita?; He told her his reasons for wanting to interrupt his studies, le ha spiegato le sue ragioni per interrompere gli studi; There's no reason why you shouldn't come, non c'è motivo per cui tu non debba venire; The reason you feel so tired is that you don't sleep enough, la ragione per la quale ti senti così stanco è che non dormi abbastanza; She said she was leaving but gave no reasons, ha detto che se ne andava ma non ha dato spiegazioni; I see no reason why she shouldn't come with us, non vedo perché non dovrebbe venire con noi; All the more reason for you to refuse, a maggior ragione dovresti rifiutare (o avresti fatto bene a rifiutare); There is no earthly reason why he should refuse, non c'è un motivo al mondo perché debba rifiutare; for reasons best known to himself [herself, etc.], per ragioni che solo lui [lei, ecc.] conosce: For reasons best known to themselves, they decided not to report the accident, per ragioni che solo loro conoscono, hanno deciso di non denunciare l'incidente; for no ( apparent) reason, senza motivo (apparente); for one reason or another, per un motivo o per l'altro; a good reason, un buon (o valido) motivo; to set out one's reasons, dichiarare (o spiegare) le proprie ragioni; to specify the reasons for st., indicare esattamente le cause di qc.; to state the reason for st., motivare qc.; all the more reason, una ragione di più: All the more reason to accept their offer, una ragione di più per accettare la loro offerta

2 ragione ( contrario di torto): He always complains, with or without reason, si lamenta sempre, a torto o a ragione NOTA D'USO: - ragione-

3 ragione, intelletto: the age of reason, l'età della ragione; to listen to (o to hear) reason, essere ragionevole; farsi convincere: He won't listen to reason, non vuole sentir ragione; to lose one's reason, perdere la ragione; to regain one's reason, riacquistare l'uso della ragione; There is reason in what you say, quel che dici è ragionevole; c'è del vero in ciò che dici

4 (filos.) premessa minore ( di un sillogismo)

● for reasons beyond sb. 's control, per ragioni di forza maggiore □ to bring sb. to reason, ridurre q. alla ragione; far ragionare q. □ by reason of, a causa di; a motivo di □ to give reasons for st., render ragione di qc. □ out of all reason, (in modo) del tutto irragionevole □ to be restored to reason, riacquistare l'uso della ragione □ to see reason, diventare ragionevole; farsi convincere □ to see reason to do st., aver motivo di far qc. □ within reason, nei limiti del ragionevole □ It stands to reason that…, non si può negare che…; è ovvio che…
(to) reason /ˈri:zn/
A v. i.

1 ragionare; riflettere: the ability to reason, la capacità di ragionare

2 – to reason with, ragionare con; cercare di convincere: You simply cannot reason with him, con lui non si può proprio ragionare

B v. t.

1 (spec. al passivo) ragionare: a reasoned conclusion, una conclusione ragionata

2 arguire: Comparing men and apes, Darwin reasoned that they must have a common ancestor, confrontando l'uomo e la scimmia, Darwin arguì che dovevano avere un antenato comune; He reasoned that the robbers must have had inside knowledge, ha riflettuto e concluso che i rapinatori dovevano esser stati informati da qualcuno all'interno

3 convincere ( con il ragionamento): to reason sb. into doing st., convincere q. a fare qc.; to reason sb. out of an idea, convincere q. a rinunciare a un'idea

● to reason out, risolvere con il ragionamento: to reason out a problem, risolvere un problema.

English-Italian dictionary > ♦ reason
4 reason

1.
['riːzn]noun

1) (cause) Grund, der

there is [no/every] reason to assume or believe that... — es besteht [kein/ein guter] Grund zu der Annahme, dass...

have no reason to complain or for complaint — sich nicht beklagen können

for that [very] reason — aus [eben] diesem Grund

no particular reason — (as answer) einfach so

all the more reason for doing something — ein Grund mehr, etwas zu tun

for no obvious reason — aus keinem ersichtlichen Grund

for the [simple] reason that... — [einfach,] weil...

by reason of — wegen; aufgrund

with reason — aus gutem Grund

2) no pl., no art. (power to understand; sense; Philos.) Vernunft, die; (sanity) gesunder Verstand

lose one's reason — den Verstand verlieren

you can have anything within reason — du kannst alles haben, solange es im Rahmen bleibt

stand to reason — unzweifelhaft sein

not listen to reason — sich (Dat.) nichts sagen lassen

see reason — zur Einsicht kommen

it stands to reason that... — es ist unzweifelhaft, dass...
2. intransitive verb
1) schlussfolgern ( from aus)

2)

reason with — diskutieren mit (about, on über + Akk.)

you can't reason with her — mit ihr kann man nicht vernünftig reden
3. transitive verb
schlussfolgern

ours not to reason why — es ist nicht unsere Sache, nach dem Warum zu fragen

Phrasal Verbs:

- academic.ru/90768/reason_out">reason out

* * *

rea·son

[ˈri:z^ən]

I. n

1. (cause) Grund m ( for für + akk)

the \reason [that] I'm asking is that... der Grund, warum ich frage, ist, dass...

for \reasons best known to herself, she's decided to... aus Gründen, die nur sie allein kennt, hat sie beschlossen zu...

there's no \reason to complain es gibt keinen Anlass, sich zu beschweren

give me one good \reason why I should stay nenne mir einen guten Grund, warum ich bleiben sollte

for \reasons of health aus gesundheitlichen Gründen

not guilty by \reason of insanity LAW nicht schuldig wegen Unzurechnungsfähigkeit

for \reasons of state aus Gründen der Staatsräson

there is every \reason to believe that... es spricht alles dafür, dass...

to have good/every [good]/no \reason to do sth guten/allen/keinen Grund haben, etw zu tun

the police have every good \reason to believe that... die Polizei hat allen Grund zur Annahme, dass...

for no obvious/particular \reason aus keinem ersichtlichen/besonderen Grund

for personal \reasons aus persönlichen Gründen

for some \reason aus irgendeinem Grund

by \reason of sth aufgrund [o wegen] einer S. gen

the \reason why [der Grund,] warum

the \reason why he did it was a mystery to us all [der Grund,] warum er es getan hast, war uns allen ein Rätsel

I'd like to know the \reason why ich wüsste gern, warum [o weshalb]

and that's the \reason why we decided against it und deshalb [o darum] haben wir uns dagegen entschieden

and that's the \reason why! und das ist der Grund dafür!

2. no pl (good cause) Grund m

to do sth with \reason etw aus gutem Grund tun

she was furious, and with \reason sie war wütend, und das aus gutem Grund

there is \reason to believe that... es gibt Grund zur Annahme, dass

to have \reason to believe that... Grund zur Annahme haben, dass...

3. no pl (power to think) Denkvermögen nt

the power of \reason logisches Denkvermögen

4. no pl (common sense) Vernunft f

there was \reason in what he said was er sagte, klang vernünftig

the Age of R\reason das Zeitalter der Vernunft

to reach the age of \reason vernünftig werden

to be [or go] beyond all \reason vollkommen unsinnig sein

to bring sb to \reason jdn zur Vernunft bringen

to see [or listen to] \reason auf die Stimme der Vernunft hören

they tried to persuade him, but he wouldn't listen to \reason sie versuchten, ihn zu überreden, aber er ließ sich einfach nichts sagen

it stands to \reason that... es ist logisch, dass...

within \reason innerhalb eines vernünftigen Rahmens

you can choose your own gift, within \reason wenn es im Rahmen bleibt, kannst du dir dein Geschenk selbst aussuchen

we'll do anything within \reason to... wir werden alles was in unserer Macht steht tun, um...

5. no pl (sanity) Verstand m

to lose one's \reason den Verstand verlieren

II. vi

1. (form judgments)

▪ to \reason from sth von etw dat ausgehen

\reasoning from past experience, she was convinced that... aufgrund ihrer [früheren] Erfahrung war sie davon überzeugt, dass...

2. (persuade)

▪ to \reason with sb vernünftig mit jdm reden

the police \reasoned with the hijackers to at least let the children go die Polizei versuchte, die Kidnapper [dazu] zu überreden, wenigstens die Kinder freizulassen

▪ to \reason with sb that... versuchen, jdm klarzumachen, dass...

III. vt

1. (deduce)

▪ to \reason that... schlussfolgern, dass...

▪ to \reason from sth that... aus etw [schluss]folgern [o schließen], dass...

from the suitcase in the passage, Gerald \reasoned that his aunt had arrived aus dem Koffer im Gang schloss Gerald, dass seine Tante eingetroffen war

2. (persuade)

▪ to \reason sb into sth jdn zu etw dat überreden

I \reasoned him into telling the truth ich überredete ihn, die Wahrheit zu sagen

▪ to \reason sb out of sth jdm etw ausreden

we have to \reason him out of giving up his studies wir müssen ihm die Idee ausreden, sein Studium aufzugeben

* * *
['riːzn]
1. n

1) (= cause, justification) Grund m (for für)

reason for living or being — Grund m zum Leben

my reason for going, the reason for my going — (der Grund,) weshalb ich gehe/gegangen bin

to give sb reason for complaint — jdm Anlass or Grund zu Klagen geben

the police had no reason to interfere — die Polizei hatte keinen Grund einzugreifen; (but did) die Polizei hat ohne Grund eingegriffen

what's the reason for this celebration? — aus welchem Anlass wird hier gefeiert?

I want to know the reason why — ich möchte wissen, weshalb

and that's the reason why... — und deshalb...

and that's the reason why! — und das ist der Grund dafür!

I have (good) reason/every reason to believe that... — ich habe (guten) Grund/allen Grund anzunehmen, dass...

there is reason to believe that... — es gibt Gründe zu glauben, dass...

there is every reason to believe... — es spricht alles dafür...

for that very reason — eben deswegen

with (good) reason — mit gutem Grund, mit Recht

without any reason — ohne jeden Grund or Anlass, grundlos

for no reason at all — ohne ersichtlichen Grund

for no particular/apparent reason — ohne einen bestimmten/ersichtlichen Grund

why did you do that? – no particular reason — warum haben Sie das gemacht? – einfach nur so

for no other reason than that... —

for some reason (or ( an)other) — aus irgendeinem Grund

for reasons best known to himself/myself — aus unerfindlichen/bestimmten Gründen

all the more reason for doing it or to do it — umso mehr Grund, das zu tun

by reason of — wegen (+gen)

for reasons of State this was never disclosed — die Staatsräson machte die Geheimhaltung erforderlich

2) no pl (= mental faculty) Verstand m

to lose one's reason —

to reach the age of reason — verständig werden

the Age of Reason (Hist) — das Zeitalter der Vernunft

3) no pl (= common sense) Vernunft f

the voice of reason — die Stimme der Vernunft

to listen to reason — auf die Stimme der Vernunft hören

he won't listen to reason — er lässt sich (dat) nichts sagen

he's beyond reason — ihm ist mit Vernunft nicht beizukommen

that stands to reason — das ist logisch

we'll do anything within reason to... — wir tun alles, was in unserer Macht steht, um zu...

you can have anything within reason — Sie können alles haben, solange es sich in Grenzen hält

2. vi

1) (= think logically) vernünftig or logisch denken

the ability to reason — logisches Denkvermögen

2)

(= argue) to reason (with sb) — vernünftig mit jdm reden

there's no reasoning with him — mit ihm kann man nicht vernünftig reden

3. vt

1)

to reason sb out of sth — jdm etw ausreden

to reason sb into sth — jdn zu etw überreden

to reason why/what... — sich (dat) klarmachen, warum/was...

ours is not to reason why — es steht uns nicht an zu fragen, warum

he reasoned that if we hurried we could get there by 6 o'clock — er argumentierte, dass wir um 6.00 Uhr dort ankommen könnten, wenn wir uns beeilen würden, er rechnete vor, dass wir bis 6.00 Uhr dort sein könnten

2) (= deduce) schließen, folgern; (verbally) argumentieren; (= work out) problem durchdenken

* * *

reason [ˈriːzn]

A s

1. (Beweg)Grund m (of, for gen, für), Ursache f ( for gen), Anlass m ( for gen, zu, für):

have (no) reason to do sth (keinen) Grund oder (keine) Veranlassung haben, etwas zu tun;

have reasons to celebrate Grund zum Feiern haben;

I have my reasons for saying this ich sage das nicht von ungefähr;

the reason why (der Grund,) weshalb;

for the same reason aus dem gleichen Grund oder Anlass;

for one reason or another aus irgendeinem Grund;

for reasons of health aus Gesundheitsgründen;

for reasons of space aus Platzgründen;

he did this for reasons best known to himself aus unerfindlichen Gründen; if sth like this happens, it is for a reason dann hat das (s)einen Grund;

by reason of wegen, infolge (gen);

with reason aus gutem Grund, mit Recht;

without any reason

a) auch for no reason grundlos, ohne Grund

b) völlig grundlos, ohne den geringsten Grund;

without good reason ohne triftigen Grund;

not without reason nicht ohne Grund, nicht umsonst;

there is (no) reason to suppose that … es besteht (kein) Grund zu der Annahme, dass …;

there is every reason to believe that … alles spricht dafür, dass …;

there is good reason for optimism es gibt guten Grund, optimistisch zu sein;

all the more reason ein Grund mehr (for doing, to do zu tun)

2. Begründung f, Rechtfertigung f:

reasons pl of state Staatsräson f

3. (ohne art) Vernunft f:

a) Verstand m

b) Einsicht f:

within reason innerhalb eines vernünftigen Rahmens;

there is reason in what you say was du sagst, hat Hand und Fuß;

be ( oder go) beyond all reason völlig überzogen sein (Forderungen etc);

bring sb to reason jemanden zur Vernunft oder Räson bringen;

lose one’s reason den Verstand verlieren;

listen to reason Vernunft annehmen;

regain one’s reason wieder zur Vernunft kommen;

it stands to reason that … es leuchtet ein, dass …; es ist (doch wohl) klar, dass …

4. (ohne art) PHIL Vernunbft f (Ggs Verstand): → age A 4

5. → premise² 1 a

B v/i

1. logisch denken, vernünftig urteilen

2. (with) vernünftig reden (mit), (jemandem) gut zureden, (jemanden) zu überzeugen suchen:

he is not to be reasoned with er lässt nicht mit sich reden

C v/t

1. schließen, folgern ( beide:

from aus)

2. oft reason out (logisch) durchdenken:

reasoned wohldurchdacht

3. zu dem Schluss kommen ( that dass)

4. ergründen ( what was; why warum)

5. (vernünftig) erörtern:

reason away etwas wegdiskutieren

6. jemanden durch Argumente überzeugen:

reason sb into (out of) sth jemandem etwas ein-(aus)reden

7. begründen

8. logisch formulieren

* * *
1.
['riːzn]noun

1) (cause) Grund, der

there is [no/every] reason to assume or believe that... — es besteht [kein/ein guter] Grund zu der Annahme, dass...

have no reason to complain or for complaint — sich nicht beklagen können

for that [very] reason — aus [eben] diesem Grund

no particular reason — (as answer) einfach so

all the more reason for doing something — ein Grund mehr, etwas zu tun

for no obvious reason — aus keinem ersichtlichen Grund

for the [simple] reason that... — [einfach,] weil...

by reason of — wegen; aufgrund

with reason — aus gutem Grund

2) no pl., no art. (power to understand; sense; Philos.) Vernunft, die; (sanity) gesunder Verstand

lose one's reason — den Verstand verlieren

you can have anything within reason — du kannst alles haben, solange es im Rahmen bleibt

stand to reason — unzweifelhaft sein

not listen to reason — sich (Dat.) nichts sagen lassen

see reason — zur Einsicht kommen

it stands to reason that... — es ist unzweifelhaft, dass...
2. intransitive verb
1) schlussfolgern ( from aus)

2)

reason with — diskutieren mit (about, on über + Akk.)

you can't reason with her — mit ihr kann man nicht vernünftig reden
3. transitive verb
schlussfolgern

ours not to reason why — es ist nicht unsere Sache, nach dem Warum zu fragen

Phrasal Verbs:

- reason out

* * *

n.

Anlass -¨e m.

Grund ¨-e m.

Ursache -n f.

Vernunft f.

Verstand -¨e m. v.

argumentieren v.

logisch denken ausdr.

venünftig reden ausdr.

vernünftig urteilen ausdr.

überlegen v.

English-german dictionary > reason
5 reason

1. [ʹri:z(ə)n] n
I

1. причина; основание

the reason of eclipses - причина затмений

what is the reason of the tides? - почему бывают приливы?

what is the reason of the dew? - почему выпадает роса?

she had a reason for laughing - у неё была причина для смеха

by reason of..., for the reason that... - по причине того, что..., из-за того, что...

the scheme failed by reason of bad organization - этот план провалился из-за плохой организации

for no other reason than that I forgot - разг. по той простой причине, что я забыл

for reasons beyond control - по независящим обстоятельствам

with reason - с основанием, по основательным причинам

not without reason - не без основания

with good reason - с полным правом /основанием/, совершенно обоснованно

he complains with reason - у него есть основания жаловаться

2. (субъективное) основание, мотив, соображение; оправдание

for economy reasons - по соображениям экономии

for family reasons - по семейным обстоятельствам

for reasons of State - обыкн. ирон. по государственным соображениям

reasons for and against doing smth. - соображения за и против какого-л. поступка

to give reasons for one's preference - обосновать свой выбор

to give reasons for doing smth. - а) объяснить свои поступки; б) изложить мотивы, по которым что-л. должно быть сделано

to prove with reasons - доказать аргументами, представить резонные соображения

I saw reason to suspect him - у меня были основания подозревать его

I have good reason to fear that... - у меня все основания /я имею полное право/ опасаться, что...

I have good reasons for doing [for saying] this - я имею полное право поступать так [так говорить]

did he give any reason? - он привёл какие-л. доводы?; он что-нибудь привёл в своё оправдание?

give me your reasons for refusing - мотивируйте свой отказ, изложите мотивы вашего отказа

alleging as his reason that... - мотивируя тем, что...

the reason behind the proposal - мотивировка предложения

for reasons best known to oneself - разг. по каким-то таинственным соображениям

I see no reason to do this - не вижу никакой необходимости делать это

all the more reason for going /why I should go/ - (мне) тем более следует уехать

the reason why I dislike him is... - он мне не нравится потому, что...

3. объяснение, обоснование; мотивированное заявление

a woman's reason см. woman 1

reasons adduced - юр. мотивы постановления суда

to give /to yield, to render/ (a) reason - предоставить /дать/ объяснения (своему поведению и т. п.)

4. лог. малая посылка ( силлогизма)

II

1. разум, интеллект

pure reason - филос. чистый разум

only man has reason - только человек - существо разумное

2. 1) здравый рассудок (в противоп. сумасшествию)

bereft of reason - умалишённый

to lose one's reason - сойти с ума, помешаться

his reason failed him utterly - его рассудок совершенно помутился

he was restored to reason - к нему вернулся рассудок ( о сумасшедшем)

2) часто разг. здравый смысл, благоразумие, здравомыслие

to bring smb. to reason - образумить кого-л.

to listen to /to hear/ reason - внять доводам рассудка; прислушаться к голосу разума

to speak /to talk/ reason - говорить /судить/ здраво

you can't make him listen to reason, he will not listen to reason - он и слышать ничего не хочет, его не убедишь

there is reason in what you say - в том, что вы говорите, есть здравый смысл

contrary to reason - идущий вразрез со здравым смыслом

it is quite within reason to suggest... - благоразумно предположить...; здраво рассуждая, можно предположить...

in reason - а) в разумных пределах; б) в соответствии со здравым смыслом; разумно

everything in reason - всему есть мера

to pay anything in reason - заплатить любую разумную цену

it is not in reason to expect me to... - было бы неразумно /странно/ ожидать, что я...

I'm willing to do anything in reason - в разумных пределах я готов сделать всё

out of all reason - чрезмерный; ≅ ни в какие ворота не лезет

the price is out of all reason - это несусветная цена

it cost me a sum out of all reason - я заплатил за это бешеные деньги

it stands to reason - а) разумеется; понятно; ясно, очевидно ( в ответах); б) здравый смысл подсказывает

it stands to reason that... - всякому здравомыслящему человеку понятно, что...; отсюда явно следует, что...

as in reason - как и следовало ожидать; как и следует

as reason was - как подсказывал здравый смысл

without rhyme or reason см. rhyme I ♢

3. редк. разумный поступок; (благо)разумное поведение

it is reason, reason is - это (будет) благоразумно

it is no /not/ reason - это (будет) неразумно

it is but reason that I should rejoice - вполне понятно, что я радуюсь
2. [ʹri:z(ə)n] v
1. 1) размышлять, рассуждать (логически); делать выводы, умозаключать

to reason about /of, on, upon/ a subject - обдумывать что-л.; размышлять /раздумывать, рассуждать/ о каком-л. предмете

to reason from premises - делать вывод из посылок; сделать логический вывод

to reason from past experience - сделать выводы из опыта прошлого

to reason that... - прийти к выводу, что...

we must reason from what is probable - мы должны исходить из вероятности

I reason in this way on the matter - я прихожу к такому выводу по этому вопросу; я так рассуждаю /сужу/ об этом деле

2) мыслить

the ability to reason makes man different from animals - способность мыслить отличает человека от животного

2. обсуждать; дебатировать, дискутировать; рассуждать ( вслух)

to reason what is to be done - обсуждать, что (нужно) сделать

to reason why [how] smth. was done - рассуждать о том, почему [как] что-л. было сделано

3. 1) (with) уговаривать, урезонивать (кого-л.)

we reasoned with him for an hour - мы целый час его урезонивали /пытались его убедить/

2) (into) уговорить, убедить (в чём-л.)

to reason smb. into smth. /into doing smth./ - уговорить кого-л. сделать что-л.

to reason smb. into obedience [into accepting a proposal] - уговорить кого-л. подчиниться [принять предложение]

3) (out of) разубеждать (в чём-л.)

to reason smb. out of smth. /out of doing smth./ - отговорить кого-л. от чего-л.; разубедить кого-л.

to reason smb. out of his fears - убедить кого-л. в неосновательности его опасений

to reason smb. out of a false belief - убедить кого-л. в неосновательности его убеждения

4. преим. p. p. обосновывать, аргументировать; доказывать

to reason that... - аргументировать /мотивировать/ тем, что...; приводить в качестве довода то, что...

you must reason your case a bit more - вы должны лучше обосновать /аргументировать/ свою позицию

his speech was admirably reasoned - его выступление было прекрасно аргументировано

5. (with) уст., библ. спорить или беседовать (с кем-л.)

♢ their's not to reason why ( Tennyson) - не их дело рассуждать о причинах

НБАРС > reason
6 reason

1. n причина; основание

the reason of eclipses — причина затмений

what is the reason of the tides? — почему бывают приливы?

what is the reason of the dew? — почему выпадает роса?

she had a reason for laughing — у неё была причина для смеха

by reason of …, for the reason that … — по причине того, что …, из-за того, что …

the scheme failed by reason of bad organization — этот план провалился из-за плохой организации

for no other reason than that I forgot — по той простой причине, что я забыл

for reasons beyond control — по независящим обстоятельствам

with reason — с основанием, по основательным причинам

not without reason — не без основания

for some reason — по некоторой причине

fundamental reason — основная причина

have good reason — иметь все основания

for the same reason — по той же причине

for whatsoever reason — по любой причине

2. n основание, мотив, соображение; оправдание

for economy reasons — по соображениям экономии

for family reasons — по семейным обстоятельствам

for reasons of State — по государственным соображениям

to prove with reasons — доказать аргументами, представить резонные соображения

I saw reason to suspect him — у меня были основания подозревать его

I have good reason to fear that … — у меня все основания опасаться, что …

I have good reasons for doing this — я имею полное право поступать так

give me your reasons for refusing — мотивируйте свой отказ, изложите мотивы вашего отказа

alleging as his reason that … — мотивируя тем, что …

the reason behind the proposal — мотивировка предложения

for reasons best known to oneself — по каким-то таинственным соображениям

I see no reason to do this — не вижу никакой необходимости делать это

security reason — соображение безопасности

reason of safety — соображения безопасности

with some show of reason — с некоторым основанием

valid reason — веское основание; уважительная причина

3. n объяснение, обоснование; мотивированное заявление

reasons adduced — мотивы постановления суда

giving a reason — объяснение

good reason — должное основание

little reason — незначительное основание

4. n лог. малая посылка

5. v размышлять, рассуждать; делать выводы, умозаключать

to reason from premises — делать вывод из посылок; сделать логический вывод

to reason from past experience — сделать выводы из опыта прошлого

to reason that … — прийти к выводу, что …

reason from analogy — делать выводы по аналогии

reason from premises — делать логический вывод

6. v мыслить

the ability to reason makes man different from animals — способность мыслить отличает человека от животного

7. v обсуждать; дебатировать, дискутировать; рассуждать

to reason what is to be done — обсуждать, что сделать

you reason justly — вы правильно рассуждаете

8. v уговаривать, урезонивать

we reasoned with him for an hour — мы целый час его урезонивали

9. v уговорить, убедить

his mind is pervious to reason — он поддаётся убеждению, его можно убедить

10. v разубеждать

11. v преим... обосновывать, аргументировать; доказывать

to reason that … — аргументировать тем, что …; приводить в качестве довода то, что …

12. v уст. библ. спорить или беседовать

for some reason or other — по той или иной причине

Синонимический ряд:

1. argument (noun) argument; ground; proof; wherefore; why; whyfor

2. basis (noun) basis; foundation; justification; warrant

3. cause (noun) antecedent; cause; determinant; occasion

4. explanation (noun) account; excuse; explanation; ratiocination; rationale; rationalisation; rationalization

5. motive (noun) consideration; motive; spring

6. objective (noun) aim; design; impetus; incentive; intention; object; objective

7. point (noun) case; point

8. rationalism (noun) common sense; discernment; intellect; intelligence; judgement; rationalism; understanding

9. reasons (noun) grounds; motivation; purpose; reasons

10. sense (noun) judgment; logic; rationale; rationality; sense

11. wit (noun) acumen; lucidity; mind; saneness; sanity; senses; soundness; soundnesss; wit; wits

12. argue (verb) argue; contend; convince; discuss; dispute; influence; persuade

13. think (verb) analyse; analyze; cerebrate; cogitate; conclude; contemplate; debate; deduce; deliberate; examine; induce; infer; rationalise; rationalize; reflect; speculate; think

Антонимический ряд:

fallacy; falsification; folly; guess; impropriety; intuition; irrationality; misconception; misinterpretation; pretence; pretext; wrong

English-Russian base dictionary > reason
7 reason

1 მიზეზი

real / serious / special / important reason ნამდვილი / სერიოზული / განსაკუთრებული / მნიშვნელოვანი მიზეზი

there are many reasons for this ამისთვის მრავალი მიზეზი არსებობს

that's no reason ეს მიზეზი არ არის

the reason is that... მიზეზი ისაა, რომ…

for no good reason // for no reason at all ყოველგვარი მიზეზის გარეშე

for that reason ამ მიზეზით

for some reason or other ამა თუ იმ მიზეზით

2 მიზეზით, გამო

by reason of his age მისი ასაკის გამო

for reasons of my own ჩემი პირადი მოსაზრებების გამო

3 საბაბი, საფუძველი

have you any reason for being displeased? გაქვს რაიმე საბაბი უკმაყოფილებისათვის?

there is every reason to suspect him ყველა საფუძველი არსებობს, რომ მასზე ეჭვი მივიტანოთ

4 გონება, ჭკუა, კეთილგონიერება

to lose one's reason ჭკუის / გონების დაკარგვა

it stands to reason ჭკუასთან ახლოსაა

I'll do anything for you within reason რაც კი შესაძლებელია, ყველაფერს გავაკეთებ შენთვის

●●to bring smb. to reason სწორ ჭკუაზე / გზაზე დაყენება

5 საღი აზრი

there is reason in what he says მის ნათქვამში საღი აზრი დევს

his demands are beyond all reason მისი მოთხოვნები უგუნურია

●●he won't listen to reason დარიგებას ყურად არ იღებს

6 აზროვნება (იაზროვნებს)

man has the ability to reason ადამიანს აზროვნების უნარი აქვს

7 განსჯა (განსჯის), მსჯელობა

she reasoned that... მან განსაჯა, რომ…

they reasoned out all the undesirable consequences ყველა არასასურველ შედეგზე იმსჯელეს

8 გაგებინება (გააგებინებს), ჩაგონება, დარწმუნება

we tried to reason with him, but in vain ვეცადეთ დაგვერწმუნებინა, მაგრამ ამაოდ

the prime reason მთავარი მიზეზი

for reasons of policy პოლიტიკური მიზეზებით / მოსაზრებებით

for no particular reason განსაკუთრებული მიზეზის გარეშე

for some reasons რაღაცა მიზეზით

the sole reason ერთადერთი მიზეზი

it stands to reason that… თავისთავად ცხადია, რომ...

for various reasons მრავალი/სხვადასხვა მიზეზების გამო

everybody wants to go, but she for some reason hangs back ყველას წასვლა უნდა, ის კე რატომღაც ყოყმანობს

whatever reasons may be… რა მიზეზიც არ უნდა იყოს...

for this reason ამის გამო

for the reason that… იმის გამო, რომ…

bereft of reason გიჟი, შეშლილი

apart from that, there are other reasons გარდა ამისა, სხვა მიზეზებიც არის

English-Georgian dictionary > reason
8 reason

1. n

1) причина, підстава

by reason of..., for the reason that... — з тієї причини, що..., через те, що...

with reason — через поважну причину

not without reason — не без підстави

with good reason — з повним правом, цілком виправдано

2) аргумент, мотив, міркування

I have good reasons for saying this — я маю повне право говорити так

to prove with reasons — аргументовано довести

I see no reason to do this — не бачу ніякої необхідності робити це

3) пояснення, обґрунтування, мотивована заява

to give (a) reason — пояснити (обґрунтувати) (свою поведінку тощо)

4) лог. мала посилка (силогізму)

5) можливість (події тощо)

6) розум, інтелект

7) здоровий розум (на противагу божевіллю)

to lose one's reason — збожеволіти

8) розсудливість, розважливість, здоровий глузд

to bring smb. to reason — наводити на розум, напоумляти когось

to hear (to listen to) reason — прислухатися до голосу розуму

there is reason in what you say — у тому, що ви говорите, є здоровий глузд

everything in reason — усьому є міра

it is out of all reason — це вже виходить за межі дозволеного

it stands to reason — так; само собою (зрозуміло); ясно, певно

9) розумний вчинок; розсудлива поведінка

10) справедливість, належне

to give smb. reason — віддати комусь справедливість (належне)

2. v

1) міркувати, обмірковувати; робити висновки

to reason about (of, on, upon) a subject — обмірковувати щось, міркувати про щось

to reason that... — дійти висновку, що...

2) мислити

the ability to reason makes man different from animals — здатність мислити відрізняє людину від тварини

3) обговорювати, дискутувати, дебатувати

4) переконувати (когось — with, у чомусь — into); умовляти

I reasoned with him for an hour — я переконував його цілу годину

to reason smb. into smth. (into doing smth.) — умовити когось зробити щось

5) переконувати когось (у помилковості його вчинків, у хибності його думок тощо), відмовляти (від чогось — out of)

to reason smb. out of smth. — відмовити когось від чогось

6) обґрунтовувати, аргументувати; доводити

you must reason your case — ви повинні обґрунтувати свою позицію

7) бібл. сперечатися (розмовляти) (з кимсь — with)

reason away — логічно спростувати

reason down — заглушити (любов тощо), прислухавшись до голосу розуму

reason out — обміркувати; дійти висновку логічним шляхом

to reason out the answer to a problem — додуматися до відповіді на запитання

* * *
I n
1) причина; підстава

2) ( суб'єктивне) причина, мотив, міркування; виправдання

3) пояснення, обґрунтування; вмотивована заява

4) мала посилка ( силогізму)

5) розум, інтелект

6) здоровий розум ( на противагу божевіллю)

bereft of reason — божевільний; часто здоровий ґлузд, розсудливість

in reason — у розумних межах; у відповідності зі здоровим ґлуздом; розумно
II a
1) мислити, міркувати ( логічно); робити висновки; мислити

2) обговорювати; дебатувати, дискутувати; розмірковувати ( уголос)

3) ( with) умовляти, урезонювати ( кого-небудь); ( into) умовити, переконати ( у чому-небудь); ( out of) переконувати ( у чому-небудь)

4) р

р. — обґрунтовувати, аргументувати; доводити

5) icт., дiaл. ( with) сперечатися або розмовляти ( з ким-небудь)

English-Ukrainian dictionary > reason
9 ability

способност, умеење

* * *

n. способност, моќ, вештина; капацитет; a man of ability способен човек; the ability to reason способност на расудување; the ability to relax вештина на опуштање; musical ability талент за музика; creative ability творечки капацитет; to the best of one's ability како најдобро знае; умеење, способност

n. способност, моќ, вештина;

2. (pl.) способност, дарба;

3. (фин.) платежна способност; способност моќ; умеење, способност, способност, вештина, моќ ability; aptitude; skill способност; талент; вештина ability; aptitude; talent талент; способност

вештина; способност

English-Macedonian dictionary > ability
10 reason

ˈri:zn
1. сущ.
1) разум, рассудок, ум, интеллект bereft of reason Syn: mind, brain, intellect, mentality
2) благоразумие, здравомыслие;
здравый смысл within reason ≈ в пределах разумного to stand to reason ≈ быть ясным, понятным;
казаться само собой разумеющимся It stands to reason that the majority party will be reelected. ≈ Кажется разумным, что снова будет избрана партия большинства. I'll do anything for you within reason. ≈ Я сделаю для Вас все в пределах разумного. sound reason Syn: prudence, discretion
3) а) причина, повод, основание, основа by reason of ≈ по причине;
из-за to have a reason for not going ≈ иметь уважительную причину, чтобы не идти( куда-л.) The real reason behind their decision was never made public. ≈ Настоящая причина этого решения никогда не объявлялась. The reason that/why she did it is a mystery. ≈ По какой причине она это сделала, остается загадкой. He quit for personal reasons. ≈ Он уволился по личным причинам. cogent reason compelling reason convincing reason every reason plausible reason strong reason sufficient reason underlying reason urgent reason valid reason б) соображение, мотив;
довод, аргумент;
оправдание (against;
behind;
for) personal reason
2. гл.
1) рассуждать, размышлять (about, of, upon - о чем-л.) ;
делать выводы Syn: think, consider
2) убеждать, уговаривать( into) to reason out of smth. ≈ разубеждать в чем-л. to reason with smb. ≈ урезонивать кого-л. reason into
3) аргументировать, обосновывать;
доказывать, приводить доводы a carefully reasoned analysis ≈ тщательно аргументированный анализ Syn: argue
4) уст. обсуждать, дискутировать Syn: discuss ∙ reason against reason away reason out reason with Syn: argue причина;
основание - the * of eclipses причина затмений - what is the * of the tides? почему бывают приливы? - what is the * of the dew? почему выпадает роса? - she had a * for laughing у нее была причина для смеха - by * of..., for the * that... по причине того, что..., из-за того, что... - the scheme failed by * of bad organization этот план провалился из-за плохой организации - for no other * than that I forgot( разговорное) по той простой причине, что я забыл - for *s beyond control по независящим обстоятельствам - with * с основанием, по основательным причинам - not without * не без основания - with good * с полным правом /основанием/, совершенно обоснованно - he complains with * у него есть основания жаловаться( субъективное) основание, мотив, соображение;
оправдание - for economy *s по соображениям экономии - for family *s по семейным обстоятельствам - for *s of State обыкн. (ироничное) по государственным соображениям - *s for and against doing smth. соображения за и против какого-л. поступка - to give *s for one's preference обосновать свой выбор - to give *s for doing smth. объяснить свои поступки;
изложить мотивы, по которым что-л. должно быть сделано - to prove with *s доказать аргументами, представить резонные соображения - I saw * to suspect him у меня были основания подозревать его - I have good * to fear that... у меня все основания /я имею полное право/ опасаться, что... - I have good *s for doing this я имею полное право поступать так - did he give any *? он привел какие-л. доводы?;
он что-нибудь привел в свое оправдание? - give me your *s for refusing мотивируйте свой отказ, изложите мотивы вашего отказа - alleging as his * that... мотивируйте тем, что... - the * behind the proposal мотивировка предложения - for *s best known to oneself( разговорное) по каким-то таинственным соображениям - I see no * to do this не вижу никакой необходимости делать это - all the more * for going /why I should go/ (мне) тем более следует уехать - the * why I dislike him is... он мне не нравится потому, что... объяснение, обоснование;
мотивированное заявление - a woman's * (ироничное) женская логика - *s adduced (юридическое) мотивы постановления суда - to give /to yield, to render/ (a) * предоставить (дать) объяснения (своему поведению и т. п.) (логика) малая посылка( силлогизма) разум, интеллект - pure * (философское) чистый разум - only man has * только человек - существо разумное здравый рассудок (в противоп. сумасшествию) - bereft of * умалишенный - to lose one's * сойти с ума, помешаться - his * failed him utterly его рассудок совершенно помутился - he was restored to * к нему вернулся рассудок (о сумасшедшем) часто( разговорное) здравый смысл, благоразумие, здравомыслие - to bring smb. to * образумить кого-л. - to listen to /to hear/ * внять доводам рассудка;
прислушаться к голосу разума - to speak /to talk/ * говорить /судить/ здраво - you can't make him listen to *, he will not listen to * он и слышать ничего не хочет, его не убедишь - there is * in what you say в том, что вы говорите, есть здравый смысл - contrary to * идущий вразрез со здравым смыслом - it is quite within * to suggest... благоразумно предположить...;
здраво рассуждая, можно предположить... - in * в разумных пределах;
в соответствии со здравым смыслом;
разумно - everything in * всему есть мера - to pay anything in * заплатить любую разумную цену - it is not in * to expect me to... было бы неразумно /странно/ ожидать, что я... - I'm willing to do anything in * в разумных пределах я готов сделать все - out of all * чрезмерный;
ни в какие ворота не лезет - the price is out of all * это несусветная цена - it cost me a sum out of all * я заплатил за это бешеные деньги - it stands to * разумеется;
понятно;
ясно;
очевидно( в ответах) ;
здравый смысл подсказывает - it stands to * that... всякому здравомыслящему человеку понятно, что...;
отсюда явно следует, что... - as in * как и следовало ожидать;
как и следует - as * was как подсказывал здравый смысл (редкое) разумный поступок;
(благо) разумное поведение - it is *, * is это (будет) благоразумно - it is no /not/ * это (будет) неразумно - it is but * that I should rejoice вполне понятно, что я радуюсь размышлять, рассуждать (логически) ;
делать выводы, умозаключать - to * about /of, on, upon/ a subject обдумывать что-л.;
размышлять /раздумывать, рассуждать/ о каком-л. предмете - to * from premises делать вывод из посылок;
сделать логический вывод - to * from past experience сделать выводы из опыта прошлого - to * that... прийти к выводу, что... - we must * from what is probable мы должны исходить из вероятности - I * in this way on the matter я прихожу к такому выводу по этому вопросу;
я так рассуждаю /сужу/ об этом деле мыслить - the ability to * makes man different from animals способность мыслить отличает человека от животного обсуждать;
дебатировать, дискутировать;
рассуждать (вслух) - to * what is to be done обсуждать, что (нужно) сделать - to * why smth. was done рассуждать о том, почему что-л. было сделано ( with) уговаривать, урезонивать (кого-л.) - we *ed with him for an hour мы целый час его урезонивали /пытались его убедить/ (into) уговорить, убедить ( в чем-л.) - to * smb. into smth. /into doing smth./ уговорить кого-л. сделать что-л. - to * smb. into obedience уговорить кого-л. подчиниться( out of) разубеждать (в чем-л.) - to * smb. out of smth. /out of doing smth./ отговорить кого-л. от чего-л.;
разубедить кого-л. - to * smb. out of his fears убедить кого-л. в неосновательности его опасений - to * smb out of a false belief убедить кого-л. в неосновательности его убеждения преим. р.р. обосновывать, аргументировать;
доказывать - to * that... аргументировать /мотивировать/ тем, что...;
приводить в качестве довода то, что... - you must * your case a bit more вы должны лучше обосновать /аргументировать/ свою позицию - his speech was admirably *ed его выступление было прекрасно аргументировано (with) (устаревшее) (библеизм) спорить или беседовать( с кем-л.) > their's not to * why (Tennyson) не их дело рассуждать о причинах actual ~ истинная причина bereft of ~ без сознания, без чувств bereft of ~ умалишенный ~ разум, рассудок;
благоразумие;
to bring to reason образумить;
to hear (или to listen to) reason прислушаться к голосу разума;
to lose one's reason сойти с ума ~ причина, повод, основание;
соображение, мотив;
довод, аргумент;
оправдание;
by reason of по причине;
из-за by ~ of its general sense по своему общему смыслу cogent ~ убедительная причина compelling ~ неопровержимый довод to give reasons (for smth.) объяснить причины (чего-л.), сообщить свои соображения (по поводу чего-л.) with (или not without) ~ не без основания;
he complains with reason он имеет все основания жаловаться ~ разум, рассудок;
благоразумие;
to bring to reason образумить;
to hear (или to listen to) reason прислушаться к голосу разума;
to lose one's reason сойти с ума ~ разум, рассудок;
благоразумие;
to bring to reason образумить;
to hear (или to listen to) reason прислушаться к голосу разума;
to lose one's reason сойти с ума primary ~ основная причина reason аргумент ~ аргументировать;
доказывать;
reason out продумать до конца ~ излагать мотивы ~ интеллект ~ мотив ~ обсуждать ~ основание ~ причина, повод, основание;
соображение, мотив;
довод, аргумент;
оправдание;
by reason of по причине;
из-за ~ причина ~ разум, рассудок;
благоразумие;
to bring to reason образумить;
to hear (или to listen to) reason прислушаться к голосу разума;
to lose one's reason сойти с ума ~ разум ~ рассуждать (about, of, upon - о чем-л.) ~ соображение ~ убеждать, уговаривать (into) ;
to reason out (of smth.) разубеждать (в чем-л.) ;
to reason (with smb.) урезонивать (кого-л.) ~ убеждать, уговаривать (into) ;
to reason out (of smth.) разубеждать (в чем-л.) ;
to reason (with smb.) урезонивать (кого-л.) ~ for remission of sentence основание для освобождения от наказания ~ for termination основание для прекращения ~ of complaint основание для подачи жалобы ~ of complaint основание для подачи иска ~ аргументировать;
доказывать;
reason out продумать до конца ~ убеждать, уговаривать (into) ;
to reason out (of smth.) разубеждать (в чем-л.) ;
to reason (with smb.) урезонивать (кого-л.) ~ to believe основание считать strong ~ веское основание strong: ~ сильный, веский;
серьезный;
strong sense of disappointment сильное разочарование;
strong reason веская причина valid ~ веское соображение valid ~ убедительный довод with (или not without) ~ не без основания;
he complains with reason он имеет все основания жаловаться

Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > reason
11 drift with the stream

(drift (go, sail или swim) with the stream (тж. swim down the stream))

плыть по течению; см. тж. go against the stream

The whole secret of her success was this ability to swim with the stream, but to make it appear as if she were swimming slightly ahead of, or even against it. (S. Heym, ‘The Eyes of Reason’, book I, ch. 5) — Главной тайной успеха Элиноры была эта способность плыть по течению и притом с таким видом, будто она плывет несколько опережая течение или даже против течения.

Large English-Russian phrasebook > drift with the stream
12 Emotion

    The Absence of Emotion and Feeling May Damage Our Human Rationality

.. propose that reason may not be as pure as most of us think it is or wish it were, that emotions and feelings may not be intruders in the bastion of reason at all: they may be enmeshed in its networks, for worse and for better.

   The strategies of human reason probably did not develop, in either evolution or any single individual, without the guiding force of the mechanisms of biological regulation, of which emotion and feeling are notable expressions. Moreover, even after reasoning strategies become established in the formative years, their effective deployment probably depends, to a considerable extent, on a continued ability to experience feelings.

   This is not to deny that emotions and feelings can cause havoc in the processes of reasoning under certain circumstances. Traditional wisdom has told us that they can, and recent investigations of the normal reasoning process also reveal the potentially harmful inﬂuence of emotional biases. It is thus even more surprising and novel that the absence of emotion and feeling is no less damaging, no less capable of compromising the rationality that makes us distinctly human and allows us to decide in consonance with a sense of personal future, social convention, and moral principle. (Damasio, 1994, p. xii)

Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Emotion
13 Artificial Intelligence

   1) Programs and the Complexity of Human Mental Processes

   In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)

   2) Artificial Intelligence Is an Engineering Discipline

   Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)

   3) A Sceptical View of Artificial Intelligence

   Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inﬂated predictions....

   When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)

   4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, Eventually

   Just as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)

   5) Problems in Machine Intelligence Arise Because Things Obvious to Any Person Are Not Represented in the Program

   Many problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)

   6) The Meaning of a Symbolic Description

   What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)

   7) The Principle of Artificial Intelligence

   [AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)

   8) Artificial Intelligence Recognizes the Need for Knowledge in Its Systems

   The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)

   9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract Form

   The basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)

    10) There Are Many Types of Reasoning

   There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:

    Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins ﬂy? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can ﬂy, so robins probably can ﬂy."

    Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)

    11) Programs Are Beginning to Do Things That Critics Have Asserted to Be Impossible

   Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)

    12) The Synthesis of Man and Machine

   Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)

    13) The Thesis of Good Old-Fashioned Artificial Intelligence (GOFAI)

   The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)

    14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory Formation

   It is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)

    15) Four Kinds of Artificial Intelligence

   We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.

   ♦ Nonpsychological AI

   Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.

   ♦ Weak Psychological AI

   Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.

   ♦ Strong Psychological AI

... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)

   ♦ Suprapsychological AI

   Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)

    16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular Contexts

   Even if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)

    17) Form and Content Are Not Fundamentally Different

   Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)

    18) The Assumption That the Mind Is a Formal System

   Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)

    19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial Intelligence

   The primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.

   The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)

    20) Mathematical Logic Provides the Basis for Theory in AI

   The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....

   AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)

    21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary Propositions

   In artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)

    22) Definitions of Artificial Intelligence

   Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)

    23) The Computer Can Not Be a Model of the Mind

   Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)

    24) Computers Will Not Always Be Inferior to Human Brains

   The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)

Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence
14 faculty

noun

1) (physical capability) Fähigkeit, die; Vermögen, das

faculty of sight/speech/hearing/thought — Seh-/Sprach-/Hör-/Denkvermögen, das

2) (mental power)

in [full] possession of [all] one's [mental] faculties — im [Voll]besitz [all] seiner [geistigen] Kräfte

3) (Univ.): (department) Fakultät, die; Fachbereich, der

4) (Amer. Sch., Univ.): (staff) Lehrkörper, der

* * *
['fækəlti]
plural - faculties; noun

1) (a power of the mind: the faculty of reason.) die Gabe

2) (a natural power of the body: the faculty of hearing.) die Fähigkeit

3) (ability or skill: She has a faculty for saying the right thing.) die Fähigkeit

4) ((often with capital) a section of a university: the Faculty of Arts/Science.) die Fakultät

* * *

fa·cul·ty

[ˈfæk^əlti, AM -t̬i]

n

1. (university department) Fakultät f, Fachbereich m

the F\faculty of Arts/Law/Science die philosophische/juristische/naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät

2. no pl AM SCH Lehrkörper m, Lehrerkollegium nt; UNIV [Lehrkörper m einer] Fakultät; (all professors at university) Professorenkollegium nt

business/law \faculty Lehrpersonal nt im Fachbereich Betriebswirtschaftslehre/Rechtswissenschaften

the lower/upper school \faculty die Lehrer pl der Sekundarstufe I/II

3. (natural ability) Fähigkeit f, Vermögen nt kein pl

to be in command [or possession] of all one's mental faculties im Vollbesitz seiner geistigen Kräfte sein

to have [all] one's faculties im [Voll]besitz seiner [geistigen] Kräfte sein

4. (skill) Talent nt, Begabung f ( for für + akk)

5. LAW Dispens m

* * *
['fkəltI]
n

1) (= power of mind) Vermögen nt, Fähigkeit f, Kraft f; (= ability, aptitude) Begabung f, Talent nt

mental faculties — geistige Fähigkeiten pl, Geisteskräfte pl

faculty of reason — Vernunft f

faculty of hearing/sight — Hör-/Sehvermögen nt

to be in ( full) possession of (all) one's faculties — im Vollbesitz seiner Kräfte sein

to have a faculty for doing sth — ein Talent dafür haben, etw zu tun

2) (UNIV) Fakultät f

the medical faculty, the faculty of medicine — die medizinische Fakultät

3) (ECCL) Vollmacht f

* * *

faculty [ˈfækltı] s

1. Fähigkeit f, Vermögen n:

faculty of hearing Hörvermögen

2. Kraft f, Geschicklichkeit f, Gewandtheit f

3. (natürliche) Gabe, Anlage f, Talent n, Fähigkeit f:

(mental) faculties Geisteskräfte;

be in full possession of all one’s faculties im Vollbesitz seiner geistigen Kräfte sein;

have a faculty for ( oder of) doing sth das Talent oder die Fähigkeit haben, etwas zu tun

4. UNIV

a) Fakultät f, Wissenszweig m:

the medical faculty die medizinische Fakultät, weitS. die Mediziner pl

b)(Mitglieder pl einer) Fakultät, Lehrkörper m

c) besonders US Lehr-, Verwaltungspersonal n (auch einer Schule)

5. JUR

a) Ermächtigung f, Befugnis f ( for zu, für)

b) meist pl Vermögen n, Eigentum n

6. REL Befugnis f, Dispens m/f

* * *

noun

1) (physical capability) Fähigkeit, die; Vermögen, das

faculty of sight/speech/hearing/thought — Seh-/Sprach-/Hör-/Denkvermögen, das

2) (mental power)

in [full] possession of [all] one's [mental] faculties — im [Voll]besitz [all] seiner [geistigen] Kräfte

3) (Univ.): (department) Fakultät, die; Fachbereich, der

4) (Amer. Sch., Univ.): (staff) Lehrkörper, der

* * *

(University) n.

Institut -e n. n.

Fachbereich m.

Fakultät -en f.

Fähigkeit f.

Lehrkörper m.

English-german dictionary > faculty
15 Knowledge

   1) To Exist Is to Be Perceived

   It is indeed an opinion strangely prevailing amongst men, that houses, mountains, rivers, and, in a word, all sensible objects, have an existence, natural or real, distinct from their being perceived by the understanding. But, with how great an assurance and acquiescence soever this principle may be entertained in the world, yet whoever shall find in his heart to call it into question may, if I mistake not, perceive it to involve a manifest contradiction. For, what are the forementioned objects but things we perceive by sense? and what do we perceive besides our own ideas or sensations? and is it not plainly repugnant that any one of these, or any combination of them, should exist unperceived? (Berkeley, 1996, Pt. I, No. 4, p. 25)

   2) Abstract Science or Demonstration Is a More Perfect Species of Knowledge

   It seems to me that the only objects of the abstract sciences or of demonstration are quantity and number, and that all attempts to extend this more perfect species of knowledge beyond these bounds are mere sophistry and illusion. As the component parts of quantity and number are entirely similar, their relations become intricate and involved; and nothing can be more curious, as well as useful, than to trace, by a variety of mediums, their equality or inequality, through their different appearances.

   But as all other ideas are clearly distinct and different from each other, we can never advance farther, by our utmost scrutiny, than to observe this diversity, and, by an obvious reﬂection, pronounce one thing not to be another. Or if there be any difficulty in these decisions, it proceeds entirely from the undeterminate meaning of words, which is corrected by juster definitions. That the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the squares of the other two sides cannot be known, let the terms be ever so exactly defined, without a train of reasoning and enquiry. But to convince us of this proposition, that where there is no property, there can be no injustice, it is only necessary to define the terms, and explain injustice to be a violation of property. This proposition is, indeed, nothing but a more imperfect definition. It is the same case with all those pretended syllogistical reasonings, which may be found in every other branch of learning, except the sciences of quantity and number; and these may safely, I think, be pronounced the only proper objects of knowledge and demonstration. (Hume, 1975, Sec. 12, Pt. 3, pp. 163-165)

   3) Knowledge Derives from Two Fundamental Sources of the Mind

   Our knowledge springs from two fundamental sources of the mind; the first is the capacity of receiving representations (the ability to receive impressions), the second is the power to know an object through these representations (spontaneity in the production of concepts).

   Through the first, an object is given to us; through the second, the object is thought in relation to that representation.... Intuition and concepts constitute, therefore, the elements of all our knowledge, so that neither concepts without intuition in some way corresponding to them, nor intuition without concepts, can yield knowledge. Both may be either pure or empirical.... Pure intuitions or pure concepts are possible only a priori; empirical intuitions and empirical concepts only a posteriori. If the receptivity of our mind, its power of receiving representations in so far as it is in any way affected, is to be called "sensibility," then the mind's power of producing representations from itself, the spontaneity of knowledge, should be called "understanding." Our nature is so constituted that our intuitions can never be other than sensible; that is, it contains only the mode in which we are affected by objects. The faculty, on the other hand, which enables us to think the object of sensible intuition is the understanding.... Without sensibility, no object would be given to us; without understanding, no object would be thought. Thoughts without content are empty; intuitions without concepts are blind. It is therefore just as necessary to make our concepts sensible, that is, to add the object to them in intuition, as to make our intuitions intelligible, that is to bring them under concepts. These two powers or capacities cannot exchange their functions. The understanding can intuit nothing, the senses can think nothing. Only through their union can knowledge arise. (Kant, 1933, Sec. 1, Pt. 2, B74-75 [p. 92])

   4) The Means by Which Metaphysics Can Be Perfected as a Science

   Metaphysics, as a natural disposition of Reason is real, but it is also, in itself, dialectical and deceptive.... Hence to attempt to draw our principles from it, and in their employment to follow this natural but none the less fallacious illusion can never produce science, but only an empty dialectical art, in which one school may indeed outdo the other, but none can ever attain a justifiable and lasting success. In order that, as a science, it may lay claim not merely to deceptive persuasion, but to insight and conviction, a Critique of Reason must exhibit in a complete system the whole stock of conceptions a priori, arranged according to their different sources-the Sensibility, the understanding, and the Reason; it must present a complete table of these conceptions, together with their analysis and all that can be deduced from them, but more especially the possibility of synthetic knowledge a priori by means of their deduction, the principles of its use, and finally, its boundaries....

   This much is certain: he who has once tried criticism will be sickened for ever of all the dogmatic trash he was compelled to content himself with before, because his Reason, requiring something, could find nothing better for its occupation. Criticism stands to the ordinary school metaphysics exactly in the same relation as chemistry to alchemy, or as astron omy to fortune-telling astrology. I guarantee that no one who has comprehended and thought out the conclusions of criticism, even in these Prolegomena, will ever return to the old sophistical pseudo-science. He will rather look forward with a kind of pleasure to a metaphysics, certainly now within his power, which requires no more preparatory discoveries, and which alone can procure for reason permanent satisfaction. (Kant, 1891, pp. 115-116)

   5) Knowledge Is Only Real in the Form of System

   Knowledge is only real and can only be set forth fully in the form of science, in the form of system. Further, a so-called fundamental proposition or first principle of philosophy, even if it is true, it is yet none the less false, just because and in so far as it is merely a fundamental proposition, merely a first principle. It is for that reason easily refuted. The refutation consists in bringing out its defective character; and it is defective because it is merely the universal, merely a principle, the beginning. If the refutation is complete and thorough, it is derived and developed from the nature of the principle itself, and not accomplished by bringing in from elsewhere other counter-assurances and chance fancies. It would be strictly the development of the principle, and thus the completion of its deficiency, were it not that it misunderstands its own purport by taking account solely of the negative aspect of what it seeks to do, and is not conscious of the positive character of its process and result. The really positive working out of the beginning is at the same time just as much the very reverse: it is a negative attitude towards the principle we start from. Negative, that is to say, in its one-sided form, which consists in being primarily immediate, a mere purpose. It may therefore be regarded as a refutation of what constitutes the basis of the system; but more correctly it should be looked at as a demonstration that the basis or principle of the system is in point of fact merely its beginning. (Hegel, 1910, pp. 21-22)

   6) Knowledge, Action, and Evaluation Are Interconnected

   Knowledge, action, and evaluation are essentially connected. The primary and pervasive significance of knowledge lies in its guidance of action: knowing is for the sake of doing. And action, obviously, is rooted in evaluation. For a being which did not assign comparative values, deliberate action would be pointless; and for one which did not know, it would be impossible. Conversely, only an active being could have knowledge, and only such a being could assign values to anything beyond his own feelings. A creature which did not enter into the process of reality to alter in some part the future content of it, could apprehend a world only in the sense of intuitive or esthetic contemplation; and such contemplation would not possess the significance of knowledge but only that of enjoying and suffering. (Lewis, 1946, p. 1)

   7) The Evolution of Knowledge

   "Evolutionary epistemology" is a branch of scholarship that applies the evolutionary perspective to an understanding of how knowledge develops. Knowledge always involves getting information. The most primitive way of acquiring it is through the sense of touch: amoebas and other simple organisms know what happens around them only if they can feel it with their "skins." The knowledge such an organism can have is strictly about what is in its immediate vicinity. After a huge jump in evolution, organisms learned to find out what was going on at a distance from them, without having to actually feel the environment. This jump involved the development of sense organs for processing information that was farther away. For a long time, the most important sources of knowledge were the nose, the eyes, and the ears. The next big advance occurred when organisms developed memory. Now information no longer needed to be present at all, and the animal could recall events and outcomes that happened in the past. Each one of these steps in the evolution of knowledge added important survival advantages to the species that was equipped to use it.

   Then, with the appearance in evolution of humans, an entirely new way of acquiring information developed. Up to this point, the processing of information was entirely intrasomatic.... But when speech appeared (and even more powerfully with the invention of writing), information processing became extrasomatic. After that point knowledge did not have to be stored in the genes, or in the memory traces of the brain; it could be passed on from one person to another through words, or it could be written down and stored on a permanent substance like stone, paper, or silicon chips-in any case, outside the fragile and impermanent nervous system. (Csikszentmihalyi, 1993, pp. 56-57)

Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Knowledge
16 faculty

['fækəlti]
plural - faculties; noun

1) (a power of the mind: the faculty of reason.) evne; anlæg

2) (a natural power of the body: the faculty of hearing.) evne; sans

3) (ability or skill: She has a faculty for saying the right thing.) evne; sans

4) ((often with capital) a section of a university: the Faculty of Arts/Science.) fakultet

* * *
['fækəlti]
plural - faculties; noun

1) (a power of the mind: the faculty of reason.) evne; anlæg

2) (a natural power of the body: the faculty of hearing.) evne; sans

3) (ability or skill: She has a faculty for saying the right thing.) evne; sans

4) ((often with capital) a section of a university: the Faculty of Arts/Science.) fakultet

English-Danish dictionary > faculty
17 voice

1. noun
1) (lit. or fig.) Stimme, die

in a firm/loud voice — mit fester/lauter Stimme

lose one's voice — die Stimme verlieren

make one's voice heard — sich verständlich machen; (fig.) sich (Dat.) Gehör verschaffen

2) (expression)

give voice to something — einer Sache (Dat.) Ausdruck geben

3)

with one voice — einstimmig

4) (Mus.) Stimme, die

[singing] voice — Singstimme, die

5) (Ling.)

the active/passive voice — das Aktiv/Passiv
2. transitive verb
1) (express) zum Ausdruck bringen [Meinung]

2) esp. in p.p. (Phonet.) stimmhaft aussprechen

a voiced consonant — ein stimmhafter Konsonant

* * *
[vois] 1. noun
1) (the sounds from the mouth made in speaking or singing: He has a very deep voice; He spoke in a quiet/loud/angry/kind voice.) die Stimme

2) (the voice regarded as the means of expressing opinion: The voice of the people should not be ignored; the voice of reason/conscience.) die Stimme
2. verb
1) (to express (feelings etc): He voiced the discontent of the whole group.) Ausdruck geben

2) (to produce the sound of (especially a consonant) with a vibration of the vocal cords as well as with the breath: `Th' should be voiced in `this' but not in `think'.) stimmhaft aussprechen

•

- academic.ru/80603/voiced">voiced
- voiceless
- voice mail
- be in good voice
- lose one's voice
- raise one's voice
* * *

voice

[vɔɪs]

I. n

1. (of person) Stimme f

her \voice broke with emotion ihre Stimme brach vor Rührung

this is the \voice of experience talking ich spreche aus Erfahrung

the \voice of conscience die Stimme des Gewissens

to have an edge to one's \voice eine [gewisse] Schärfe in der Stimme haben

to listen to the \voice of reason auf die Stimme der Vernunft hören

to like the sound of one's own \voice sich akk selbst gerne reden hören

tone of \voice Ton m

don't speak to me in that tone of \voice! sprich nicht in diesem Ton mit mir!

at the top of one's \voice in [o mit] voller Lautstärke

husky/throaty \voice heisere/kehlige Stimme

hushed \voice gedämpfte Stimme; (whisper) Flüsterstimme f

inner \voice innere Stimme

singing \voice Singstimme f

sb's \voice is breaking jd ist im Stimmbruch

to give \voice to sth etw aussprechen

to keep one's \voice down leise sprechen

to lower/raise one's \voice seine Stimme senken/erheben

2. (ability to speak, sing) Artikulationsfähigkeit f geh

to be in good/magnificent \voice gut/hervorragend bei Stimme sein

to lose one's \voice seine Stimme verlieren

3. (opinion) Stimme f, Meinung f

to make one's \voice heard sich dat Gehör verschaffen

with one \voice einstimmig

4. (agency expressing opinion) Stimme f, Stimmrecht nt

to give sb a \voice jdm ein Mitspracherecht einräumen

5. MUS Stimmlage f

6. (in grammar)

active/passive \voice Aktiv/Passiv nt

7.

▶ a \voice crying in the wilderness die Stimme eines Rufenden in der Wüste fig

II. vt

▪ to \voice sth etw zum Ausdruck bringen

to \voice a complaint eine Beschwerde vorbringen

to \voice a desire einen Wunsch aussprechen

* * *
[vɔɪs]
1. n

1) (= faculty of speech MUS fig) Stimme f

to lose one's voice — die Stimme verlieren

I've lost my voice — ich habe keine Stimme mehr

to find one's voice — sich (dat) Gehör verschaffen

she hasn't got much of a voice — sie hat keine besonders gute Stimme

to be in good/poor voice — gut/nicht gut bei Stimme sein

in a deep voice — mit tiefer Stimme

in a low voice — leise, mit leiser Stimme

to like the sound of one's own voice — sich gern(e) reden hören

his voice has broken — er hat den Stimmbruch hinter sich

tenor voice — Tenor

bass voice — Bass m

a piece for voice and piano — ein Gesangsstück nt mit Klavierbegleitung

with one voice — einstimmig

to give voice to sth — etw aussprechen, einer Sache (dat) Ausdruck verleihen

the Voice of America (Rad) — die Stimme Amerikas

2) (fig

= say) we have a/no voice in the matter — wir haben in dieser Angelegenheit ein/kein Mitspracherecht

3) (GRAM) Aktionsart f, Genus (verbi) nt

the active/passive voice — das Aktiv/Passiv

4) (PHON) Stimmhaftigkeit f

plus voice — stimmhaft

2. vt

1) (= express) feelings, opinion zum Ausdruck bringen

2) (PHON) stimmhaft aussprechen

* * *

voice [vɔıs]

A s

1. a) Stimme f (auch fig):

voice for singing Singstimme;

the voice of conscience, the still small voice (within) die Stimme des Gewissens;

the voice of reason die Stimme der Vernunft;

in (good) voice MUS (gut) bei Stimme;

in a loud voice mit lauter Stimme;

voice box ANAT Kehlkopf m;

voice contact Sprechkontakt m;

voice frequency ELEK Sprechfrequenz f;

voice input IT Spracheingabe f;

voice mail IT Voicemail f (digitalisierte Nachricht);

voice output ( oder response) IT Sprachausgabe f;

voice-over ( FILM, TV)

a) Off-Kommentar m,

b) Off-Sprecher(in);

voice part MUS Singstimme f (einer Komposition);

voice print Sonogramm n;

voice range MUS Stimmumfang m;

voice recorder FLUG Voicerecorder m, Stimmenrekorder m;

voice recognition IT Spracherkennung f;

voice vote Abstimmung f durch Zuruf; → raise A 14, A 15, wilderness 1

c) voice: … (bei Adressenangaben etc) bes US Telefon: …

2. Ausdruck m, Äußerung f:

find voice in fig Ausdruck finden in (dat);

give voice to → B 1

3. Stimme f:

give one’s voice for stimmen für;

with one voice einstimmig

4. Stimmrecht n, Stimme f:

have a (no) voice in a matter etwas (nichts) zu sagen haben bei oder in einer Sache

5. Stimme f, Sprecher(in), Sprachrohr n:

he made himself the voice of the poor

6. MUS

a) auch voice quality Stimmton m

b) (Orgel)Register n, (-)Stimme f

c) Gesang m (als Fach):

study voice

7. LING

a) stimmhafter Laut

b) Stimmton m

8. Genus n des Verbs: → active A 1, passive A 1

B v/t

1. Ausdruck geben oder verleihen (dat), äußern, in Worte fassen:

he voiced his gratitude

2. MUS

a) eine Orgelpfeife etc regulieren

b) die Singstimme zu einer Komposition schreiben

3. LING (stimmhaft) (aus)sprechen

v. abk

1. MATH vector

2. velocity v

3. verb

4. verse

5. JUR SPORT versus, against

6. very

7. vide, see

8. voice

9. ELEK volt ( volts pl) V

10. ELEK voltage

11. volume

* * *
1. noun
1) (lit. or fig.) Stimme, die

in a firm/loud voice — mit fester/lauter Stimme

lose one's voice — die Stimme verlieren

make one's voice heard — sich verständlich machen; (fig.) sich (Dat.) Gehör verschaffen

2) (expression)

give voice to something — einer Sache (Dat.) Ausdruck geben

3)

with one voice — einstimmig

4) (Mus.) Stimme, die

[singing] voice — Singstimme, die

5) (Ling.)

the active/passive voice — das Aktiv/Passiv
2. transitive verb
1) (express) zum Ausdruck bringen [Meinung]

2) esp. in p.p. (Phonet.) stimmhaft aussprechen

a voiced consonant — ein stimmhafter Konsonant

* * *

v.

äußern v. n.

Stimme -n f.

English-german dictionary > voice
18 faculty

['fækltɪ]
nome

1) (ability) facoltà f. (of, for di; for doing di fare)

critical faculties — capacità critica

2) BE univ. facoltà f.

3) AE univ. scol. (staff) corpo m. insegnante

* * *
['fækəlti]
plural - faculties; noun

1) (a power of the mind: the faculty of reason.) facoltà

2) (a natural power of the body: the faculty of hearing.) facoltà

3) (ability or skill: She has a faculty for saying the right thing.) capacità

4) ((often with capital) a section of a university: the Faculty of Arts/Science.) facoltà

* * *
faculty /ˈfækltɪ/
n.

1 facoltà ( intellettuale o fisica): the faculty of hearing, la facoltà dell'udito; to be in possession of all one's faculties, essere in possesso di tutte le proprie facoltà; mental faculties, facoltà mentali

2 capacità; abilità; talento

3 ( università) facoltà; the Law Faculty, la Facoltà di giurisprudenza

4 (spec. USA) corpo docente ( di un'università, un college o una scuola); (i) docenti

5 (leg.) facoltà; diritto; autorità

6 (antiq.) (gli) appartenenti a una professione; ( in particolare) (i) medici, (la) professione medica

● (in GB) the Faculty of Advocates, il collegio degli avvocati scozzesi.

* * *
['fækltɪ]
nome

1) (ability) facoltà f. (of, for di; for doing di fare)

critical faculties — capacità critica

2) BE univ. facoltà f.

3) AE univ. scol. (staff) corpo m. insegnante

English-Italian dictionary > faculty
19 faculty

'fækəlti
plural - faculties; noun

1) (a power of the mind: the faculty of reason.) facultad

2) (a natural power of the body: the faculty of hearing.) facultad

3) (ability or skill: She has a faculty for saying the right thing.) habilidad

4) ((often with capital) a section of a university: the Faculty of Arts/Science.) facultad

faculty n facultad

El plural de faculty se escribe faculties

faculty

tr['fækəltɪ]

noun (pl faculties)

1 (power, ability) facultad nombre femenino

2 (univ) facultad nombre femenino

3 SMALLAMERICAN ENGLISH/SMALL (at university) profesorado

faculty ['fækəlti] n, pl - ties

1) : facultad f

the faculty of sight: las facultades visuales, el sentido de la vista

2) aptitude: aptitud f, facilidad f

3) teachers: cuerpo m docente

faculty

n.

• facultad s.m.

'fækəlti
noun (pl - ties)

1) ( sense) facultad f

2) ( Educ)

a) (of university, college) facultad f

b) ( academic personnel) (AmE) cuerpo m docente, profesorado m ( de una facultad etc)

['fækǝltɪ]
N
1) (=power of body, mind) facultad f

to have or be in possession of all one's faculties — estar en pleno uso de sus facultades

2) (=ability) aptitud f, facilidad f

to have a faculty for sth/doing sth — tener aptitud or facilidad para algo/hacer algo

3) (Univ) facultad f ; (esp US) (Univ) (=teaching staff) profesorado m (de facultad or universidad)

* * *
['fækəlti]
noun (pl - ties)

1) ( sense) facultad f

2) ( Educ)

a) (of university, college) facultad f

b) ( academic personnel) (AmE) cuerpo m docente, profesorado m ( de una facultad etc)

English-spanish dictionary > faculty
20 faculty

['fækəltɪ]
n

(sense, ability) zdolność f; ( of university) wydział m; (US) ( teaching staff) wykładowcy vir pl

* * *
['fækəlti]
plural - faculties; noun

1) (a power of the mind: the faculty of reason.) zdolność

2) (a natural power of the body: the faculty of hearing.) dar, zdolność

3) (ability or skill: She has a faculty for saying the right thing.) umiejętność

4) ((often with capital) a section of a university: the Faculty of Arts/Science.) wydział

English-Polish dictionary > faculty

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the ability to reason

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Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

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the ability to reason

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